胡峰
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Atomic Number |
Name |
Neutral Atom (ppm) |
Cation1 Charge |
Cation1 Radius (ppm) |
Cation2 Charge |
Cation2 Radius (ppm) |
Anion Charge |
Anion Radius (ppm) |
| 1 | Hydrogen | 78 | 1+ | 1- | 154 | |||
| 2 | Helium | 32 | ||||||
| 3 | Lithium | 152 | 1+ | 78 | ||||
| 4 | Beryllium | 113 | 2+ | 34 | ||||
| 5 | Boron | 83 | 3+ | 23 | ||||
| 6 | Carbon | 77 | 4- | 260 | ||||
| 7 | Nitrogen | 71 | 3- | 171 | ||||
| 8 | Oxygen | 73 | 2- | 132 | ||||
| 9 | Fluorine | 71 | 1- | 133 | ||||
| 10 | Neon | 70 | ||||||
| 11 | Sodium | 186 | 1+ | 98 | ||||
| 12 | Magnesium | 160 | 2+ | 79 | ||||
| 13 | Aluminum | 143 | 3+ | 57 | ||||
| 14 | Silicon | 117 | 4+ | 26 | 4- | 271 | ||
| 15 | Phosphorus | 115 | 3- | 212 | ||||
| 16 | Sulfur | 104 | 2- | 184 | ||||
| 17 | Chlorine | 99 | 1- | 181 | ||||
| 18 | Argon | 98 | ||||||
| 19 | Potassium | 227 | 1+ | 133 | ||||
| 20 | Calcium | 197 | 2+ | 106 | ||||
| 31 | Gallium | 122 | 3+ | 62 | 1+ | 113 | ||
| 32 | Germanium | 123 | 2+ | 90 | 4- | 272 | ||
| 33 | Arsenic | 125 | 5+ | 46 | 3+ | 69 | 3- | 222 |
| 34 | Selenium | 117 | 4+ | 69 | 2- | 191 | ||
| 35 | Bromine | 114 | 1- | 195 | ||||
| 36 | Krypton | 112 | ||||||
| 37 | Rubidium | 248 | 1+ | 149 | ||||
| 38 | Strontium | 215 | 2+ | 127 | ||||
| 49 | Indium | 163 | 3+ | 92 | 1+ | 132 | ||
| 50 | Tin | 141 | 4+ | 74 | 2+ | 93 | 4- | 294 |
| 51 | Antimony | 141 | 5+ | 62 | 3+ | 89 | 3- | 245 |
| 52 | Tellurium | 143 | 6+ | 56 | 4+ | 97 | 2- | 211 |
| 53 | Iodine | 133 | 1- | 196 | ||||
| 54 | Xenon | 130 | ||||||
| 55 | Cesium | 265 | 1+ | 165 | ||||
| 56 | Barium | 217 | 2+ | 143 | ||||
| 81 | Thallium | 170 | 3+ | 105 | 1+ | 149 | ||
| 82 | Lead | 175 | 4+ | 84 | 2+ | 132 | ||
| 83 | Bismuth | 155 | 5+ | 74 | 3+ | 96 | ||
| 84 | Polonium | 167 | 4+ | 65 | 2- | 230 | ||
| 85 | Astatine | 5+ | 57 | 1- | 227 | |||
| 86 | Radon | 145 | ||||||
| 87 | Francium | 270 | 1+ | 180 | ||||
| 88 | Radium | 223 | 2+ | 152 |
Data taken from John Emsley, The Elements, 3rd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.
https://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/periodic/trends_atomicradius.htm
| Standard Cathode (Reduction) Half-Reaction | Standard Reduction Potential E° (volts) |
|---|---|
| Li+(aq) + e- ⇌ Li(s) | -3.040 |
| Rb+ + e- ⇌ Rb (s) | -2.98 |
| K+(aq) + e- ⇌ K(s) | -2.93 |
| Ba2+ + 2e−⇌ Ba(s) | -2.92 |
| Cs+(aq) + e- ⇌ Cs(s) | -2.92 |
| Ba2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌Ba(s) | -2.91 |
| Sr2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Sr(s) | -2.89 |
| Ca2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Ca(s) | -2.84 |
| Na+(aq) + e- ⇌ Na(s) | -2.713 |
| Mg(OH)2(s) + 2e−⇌ Mg(s) + 2OH− | -2.687 |
| La3+ + 3e−⇌ La(s) | -2.38 |
| Mg2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Mg(s) | -2.356 |
| Ce3+ + 3e−⇌ Ce(s) | -2.336 |
| Al(OH)4− + 3e−⇌ Al(s) + 4OH− | -2.310 |
| BaO(s) + 2H+ + 2e– ⇌ Ba(s) + H2O(l) | -2.166 |
| AlF63− + 3e−⇌ Al(s) + 6F− | -2.07 |
| Be2+ + 2e−⇌ Be(s) | -1.99 |
| B(OH)4− + 3e−⇌ B(s) + 4OH− | -1.811 |
| Al3+(aq) + 3e- ⇌ Al(s) | -1.676 |
| U3+ + 3e−⇌ U(s) | -1.66 |
| ZnO2 + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ Zn(s) + 2H2O | -1.473 |
| SiF62− + 4e−⇌ Si(s) + 6F− | -1.37 |
| Zn(CN)42− + 2e−⇌ Zn(s) + 4CN | -1.34 |
Zn(OH)42− + 2e−⇌ Zn(s) + 4OH− |
-1.285 |
| Mn2+ + 2e−⇌ Mn(s) | -1.17 |
| CdS(s) + 2e− ⇌ Cd(s) + S2− | -1.17 |
| V2+ + 2e− ⇌ V(s) | -1.13 |
| 2SO32− + 2H2O(l) + 2e− ⇌ S2O42− + 4OH− | -1.13 |
Zn(NH3)42+ + 2e− ⇌ Zn(s) + 4NH3 |
-1.04 |
| O2 (aq) + e- ⇌ O2-(aq) | -1.0 |
Cd(CN)42− + 2e−⇌ Cd(s) + 4CN− |
-0.943 |
MoO42− + 4H2O(l) + 6e−⇌Mo(s) + 8OH− |
-0.913 |
SO42− + H2O(l) + 2e− ⇌ SO32−+ 2OH− |
-0.936 |
SiO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e−⇌ Si(s) + 2H2O(l) |
-0.909 |
| Cr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cr(s) | -0.90 |
B(OH)3 + 3H+ + 3e− ⇌ B(s) + 3H2O(l) |
-0.890 |
| 2H2O(l) + 2e- ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH-(aq) | -0.828 |
| Zn2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Zn(s) | -0.7618 |
Co(OH)2(s) + 2e−⇌ Co(s) + 2OH− |
-0.746 |
| Cr3+(aq) + 3e- ⇌ Cr(s) | -0.74 |
Ni(OH)2 + 2e−⇌ Ni(s) + 2OH− |
-0.72 |
Ag2S(s) + 2e−⇌ 2Ag(s) + S2− |
-0.71 |
Se(s) + 2e−⇌ Se2− |
-0.67 in 1 M NaOH |
Cd(NH3)42+ + 2e−⇌ Cd(s) + 4NH3 |
-0.622 |
2SO32− + 3H2O(l) + 4e− ⇌S2O32− + 6OH− |
-0.576 in 1 M NaOH |
Ga3+ + 3e−⇌ Ga(s) |
-0.56 |
U4+ + e− ⇌ U3+ |
-0.52 |
SiO2(s) + 8H+ + 8e− ⇌ SiH4(g) + 2H2O(l) |
-0.516 |
| Sb + 3H+ + 3e− ⇌ SbH3(g) | -0.510 |
H3PO3+ 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H3PO2 + H2O(l) |
-0.50 |
Ni(NH3)62+ + 2e− ⇌ Ni(s) + 6NH3 |
-0.49 |
2CO2(g) + 2H+ +2e−⇌ H2C2O4 |
-0.481 |
| Cr3+ + e−⇌ Cr2+ | -0.424 |
| Fe2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Fe(s) | -0.44 |
S(s) + 2e−⇌ S2− |
-0.407 |
| Cd2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Cd(s) | -0.4030 |
Ag(NH3)2+ + e−⇌ Ag(s) + 2NH3 |
-0.373 |
Ti3+ + e−⇌ Ti2+ |
-0.37 |
PbSO4(s) + 2e−⇌ Pb(s) + SO42− |
-0.356 |
| Co2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Co(s) | -0.277 |
2SO42− + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ S2O62− + 2H2O(l) |
-0.25 |
N2(g) + 5H+ + 4e−⇌ N2H5+ |
-0.23 |
H3PO4 + 2H+ + 2e−⇌ H3PO3 + H2O(l) |
-0.28 |
| Ni2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Ni(s) | -0.257 |
V3+ + e− ⇌ V2+ |
-0.255 |
| As + 3H+ + 3e− ⇌ AsH3(g) | -0.225 |
CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ HCO2H |
-0.20 |
| Mo3+ + 3e− ⇌ Mo(s) | -0.2 |
Ti2+ + 2e−⇌ Ti(s) |
-0.163 |
MoO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e−⇌ Mo(s) + 2H2O(l) |
-0.152 |
| AgI(s) + e− ⇌ Ag(s) + I− | -0.152 |
| Sn2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Sn(s) | -0.136 |
CrO42− + 4H2O(l) + 3e− ⇌2Cr(OH)4− + 4OH− |
-0.13 in 1 M NaOH |
| Pb2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Pb(s) | -0.126 |
WO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e−⇌ W(s) + 2H2O(l) |
-0.119 |
Se(s) + 2H+ + 2e−⇌ H2Se(g) |
-0.115 |
CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e−⇌ CO(g) + H2O(l) |
-0.106 |
WO3(s) + 6H+ + 6e−⇌ W(s) + 3H2O(l) |
-0.090 |
Hg2I2(s) + 2e−⇌ 2Hg(l) + 2I− |
-0.0405 |
| Fe3+(aq) + 3e- ⇌ Fe(s) | -0.037 |
| 2H+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ H2(g) | 0.00 |
P(s,white) + 3H+ + 3e−⇌ PH3(g) |
0.06 |
| AgBr(s) + e−⇌ Ag(s) + Br− | 0.071 |
S4O62− + 2e−⇌2S2O32− |
0.080 |
Co(NH3)63+ +e−⇌Co(NH3)62+ |
0.1 |
Ru(NH3)63+ + e−⇌ Ru(s) + Ru(NH3)62+ |
0.10 |
S(s) + 2H+ + 2e−⇌ H2S |
0.144 |
| Sn4+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Sn2+(aq) | 0.154 |
| Cu2+(aq) + e- ⇌ Cu+(aq) | 0.159 |
UO22+ + e− ⇌UO2+ |
0.16 |
Co(OH)3(s) + e−⇌ Co(OH)2(s) + OH− |
0.17 |
| ClO4-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- ⇌ ClO3-(aq) + 2OH-(aq) | 0.17 |
SO42− + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2SO3 (aq) + H2O(l) |
0.172 |
BiCl4− + 3e−⇌ Bi(s) + 4Cl− |
0.199 |
SbO+ + 2H+ + 3e−⇌ Sb(s) + H2O(l) |
0.212 |
| AgCl(s) + e- ⇌ Ag(s) + Cl-(aq) | 0.2223 |
| HCHO + 2H+ + 2e−⇌ CH3OH | 0.2323 |
HAsO2 + 3H+ + 3e−⇌ As(s) + 2H2O(l) |
0.240 |
| Ru3+ + e−⇌ Ru2+ | 0.249 |
IO3−+ 3H2O(l) + 6e−⇌ I− + 6OH− |
0.257 |
Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e−⇌ 2Hg(l) + 2Cl− |
0.2682 |
UO2+ + 4H+ + e− ⇌U4+ + 2H2O(l) |
0.27 |
| Bi3+ + 3e−⇌ Bi(s) | 0.317 |
UO22+ + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ U4+ + 2H2O(l) |
0.327 |
VO2+ + 2H+ +e−⇌V3+ + H2O(l) |
0.337 |
| Cu2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Cu(s) | 0.3419 |
| ClO3-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- ⇌ ClO2-(aq) + 2OH-(aq) | 0.35 |
Fe(CN)63− + e− ⇌ Fe(CN)64− |
0.356 |
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e−⇌ 4OH− |
0.401 |
ClO− + H2O(l) + e− ⇌ ½Cl2(g) + 2OH− |
0.421 in 1 M NaOH |
Ag2C2O4(s) + 2e−⇌ 2Ag(s) + C2O42− |
0.47 |
| Cu+(aq) + e- ⇌ Cu(s) | 0.52 |
| I2(s) + 2e- ⇌ 2I-(aq) | 0.5355 |
I3− + 2e−⇌ 3I− |
0.536 |
| Cu2+ + Cl− + e−⇌ CuCl(s) | 0.559 |
H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e−⇌ HAsO2 + 2H2O(l) |
0.560 |
S2O62− + 4H+ + 2e−⇌ 2H2SO3 |
0.569 |
| ClO2-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- ⇌ ClO-(aq) + 2OH-(aq) | 0.59 |
| MnO4− + 2H2O(l) + 3e−⇌ MnO2(s) + 4OH− | 0.60 |
Sb2O5(s) + 6H+ + 4e−⇌ 2SbO+ + 3H2O(l) |
0.605 |
| PtCl62− + 2e−⇌ PtCl42- + 2Cl− | 0.68 |
RuO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e−⇌ Ru(s) + 2H2O(l) |
0.68 |
O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e−⇌ H2O2 |
0.695 |
| PtCl42− + 2e−⇌ Pt(s) + 4Cl− | 0.73 |
H2SeO3 + 4H+ + 4e−⇌ Se(s) + 3H2O(l) |
0.74 |
| Tl3+ + 3e−⇌ Tl(s) | 0.742 |
Tl3+ + 2e− ⇌ Tl+ |
0.77 in 1 M HCl |
| Fe3+(aq) + e- ⇌ Fe2+(aq) | 0.771 |
| Hg22+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ 2Hg(l) | 0.7960 |
| Ag+(aq) + e- ⇌ Ag(s) | 0.7996 |
| Hg2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Hg(l) | 0.8535 |
| Cu2+ + I− +e−⇌ CuI(s) | 0.86 |
Ru(CN)63− +e−⇌ Ru(s) + Ru(CN)64− |
0.86 |
ClO− + H2O(l) + 2e−⇌ Cl− + 2OH− |
0.890 in 1 M NaOH |
| 2Hg2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Hg22+(aq) | 0.911 |
HgO(s) + 2H+ + 2e−⇌ Hg(l) + H2O(l) |
0.926 |
NO3− + 3H+ + 2e−⇌ HNO2 + H2O(l) |
0.94 |
| MnO2(s) + 4H+ + e- ⇌ Mn3+ (aq) + 2H2O(l) | 0.95 |
| NO3-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 3e- ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O(l) | 0.96 |
HIO + H+ + 2e−⇌ I− + H2O(l) |
0.985 |
HNO2 + H+ +e−⇌ NO(g) + H2O(l) |
0.996 |
VO22+ + 2H+ +e−⇌ VO2+ + H2O(l) |
1.000 |
AuCl4− + 3e−⇌ Au(s) + 4Cl− |
1.002 |
| NO2 (g) + H+ (aq) + e- ⇌ HNO2 (aq) | 1.07 |
| Br2(l) + 2e- ⇌ 2Br-(aq) | 1.087 |
Fe(phen)63+ +e− ⇌ Fe(phen)62+ |
1.147 |
SeO43− + 4H+ + e−⇌ H2SeO3 + H2O(l) |
1.151 |
ClO3− + 2H+ + e−⇌ ClO2(g) + H2O |
1.175 |
ClO3− + 3H+ + 2e− ⇌ HClO2 + H2O |
1.181 |
IO3− + 6H+ + 5e−⇌ ½I2(s) + 3H2O(l) |
1.195 |
| Pt2+ + 2e−⇌ Pt(s) | 1.2 |
ClO4− + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ ClO3− + H2O |
1.201 |
| O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- ⇌ 2H2O(l) | 1.229 |
MnO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e−⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2O(l) |
1.23 |
2HNO2 + 4H+ + 4e−⇌ N2O(g) + 3H2O(l) |
1.297 |
HOBr + H+ + 2e−⇌ Br− + H2O(l) |
1.341 |
| Cr2O72-(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e- ⇌ 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) | 1.36 |
Au3+ + 2e−⇌ Au+ |
1.36 |
Hg2Br2(s) + 2e−⇌ 2Hg(l) + 2Br− |
1.392 |
| Cl2(g) + 2e- ⇌ 2Cl-(aq) | 1.396 |
Hg2Br2(s) + 2e−⇌ 2Hg(l) + 2Br− |
1.392 |
| Ce4+(aq) + e- ⇌ Ce3+(aq) | 1.44 |
| PbO2(s) + 4H+ +2e- ⇌ Pb2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) | 1.46 |
BrO3− + 6H+ + 6e−⇌ Br− + 3H2O |
1.478 |
Mn3+ + e−⇌ Mn2+ |
1.5 |
BrO3− + 6H+ + 5e−⇌ ½Br2(l) + 3H2O |
1.5 |
| MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e- ⇌ Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) | 1.51 |
| Au3+ + 3e−⇌ Au(s) | 1.52 |
2NO(g) + 2H+ + 2e−⇌ N2O(g) + H2O(l) |
1.59 |
HOBr + H+ + e−⇌ ½Br− + H2O(l) |
1.604 |
HClO2 + 2H+ + 2e−⇌ HOCl + H2O |
1.64 |
PbO2(s) + SO42− + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) |
1.690 |
MnO4− + 4H+ +3e−⇌ MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l) |
1.70 |
| Ce4+ + e−⇌ Ce3+ | 1.72 |
N2O(g) + 2H+ + 2e−⇌ N2(g) + H2O(l) |
1.77 |
| H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ 2H2O(l) | 1.763 |
| Au+ + e−⇌ Au(s) | 1.83 |
| Co3+(aq) + e- ⇌ Co2+(aq) | 1.92 |
S2O82− + 2e−⇌2SO42− |
1.96 |
| O3(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ O2(g) + H2O(l) | 2.07 |
| F2(g) + 2e- ⇌ 2F-(aq) | 2.87 |
F2(g) + 2H+ + 2e−⇌ 2HF |
3.053 |
